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新视角研究生英语第二册 考试课文段落翻译英译汉Unit1One problem with lectures is that listening intelligently is hard work. Reading the same material in a textbook is a more efficient way to learn because students can proceed as slowly as they need to until the subject matter becomes clear to them.听讲课存在的一个问题是：会听是很难的事。阅读课本中的相同内容是更有效的学习方法，因为学生可以根据其需要慢慢阅读直到他们理解这些内容。Even simply paying attention is very difficult; people can listen at a rate of four hundred to six hundred words a minute, while the most impassioned professor talks at scarcely a third of that speed. This time lag between speech and comprehension leads to daydreaming.有时甚至仅仅做到专心听讲都很难。人们可以以每分钟400-600个字的速度听，而最富有.的教授说话的速度也很难达到这个速度的1/3。讲话和理解之间的时间差导致开小差。Many students believe years of watching television have sabotaged their attention span, but their real problem is that listening attentively is much harder than they think.很多学生认为多年来瞧电视已经削弱了他们保持注重力的能力。但是他们真正的问题是专心听课比他们认为的要难得多。Lectures will never entirely disappear from the university scene both because they seem to be economically necessary and because they spring from a long tradition in a setting that values tradition for its own sake. But the lectures too frequently come at the wrong end of the students educational careers during the first two years, when they most need close, even individual, instruction.讲课这一方式不会完全从大学消失。一是因为讲课似乎从经济上是必需的，二是讲课起源于悠久的传统，而且人们又把传统本身瞧得很重。但是，讲课通常出现在学生接受教育生涯的错误的那一端在大学的第一和第二年，那时他们最需要密切的、甚至是针对个体需要的指导。If lecture classes were restricted to juniors and seniors, who are less in need of scholarly nurturing and more able to prepare work on their own, they would be farless destructive of students interests and enthusiasms than the present system. After all, students must learn to listen before they can listen to learn.假如讲课这一形式局限于三、四年级的学生，则对学生的爱好和热情的破坏力会比目前的制度小得多，因为三、四年级的学生不太需要学科上的指导与帮助，而且更有能力自己制定学习计划。究竟，学生在能够从听讲课中学到知识之前必须先要学会往听。Unite3One of these reasons is that each life-form occupies a special place within its ecosystem that is, its community of plant and animal life, in combination with the nonliving components of its environment such as the climate, soil, water, and air.理由之一是, 每个物种在它所处的由所有动植物和无生命的气候、土壤、水和空气等组成的生态系统中都占有一个非凡的地位。For instance, within a forest the larger trees drop off little twigs and debris, making a layer that holds water in the soil for other plants to use. The roots hold the soil and prevent it from washing away in rainstorms.例如, 在森林中，较高的树掉下的残枝在土壤中形成一个水份保持层，供其它植物利用。它们的根可以固定土壤，防止土壤被暴雨冲走。Whether living or dead, the tree provides shelter for animals and birds and food for insects. As the dead tree rots away, it enriches the soil of the forest floor, enabling other plants to spring up in its place.无论是活树还是枯树都可以为动物和鸟提供栖息地，为昆虫提供食物。枯树腐烂以后还可以肥、沃森林的土壤，得以使其它植物从原处拔地而出。Such large trees are an example of what we call keystone species; if they disappeared from their ecosystem, the consequences would be felt throughout the community of other species living in the forest. “The loss of a keystone species is like a drill accidentally striking a pow、erline,” says biologist Edward Wilson of Harvard Unive rsity. “It causes lights to go out all over.”这样的大树就是我们所说的主要物种; 假如它们从生态系统中消失,其后果会遍及所有居住在森林的其它物种。哈佛大学的生物学家爱德华威尔逊说：“一个主要物种的消失就像钻头意外地钻断电线，导致四处断电。”During the current sixth great extinction, three species of life-forms are dying out every hour, or 74 per day, which equals 27,000 each year. Some of these and we dont even know which ones are undoubtedly keystone species.在当前第六次“大灭尽”期间, 每

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